Hilo (; Hawaiian: [ˈhilo]) is the largest settlement and census-designated place (CDP) in Hawaii County, Hawaii, United States, which encompasses the Island of Hawaiʻi. The population was 43,263 at the 2010 census.
Hilo is the county seat of the County of HawaiÊ»i and is located in the District of South Hilo. The town overlooks Hilo Bay, at the base of two shield volcanoes; Mauna Loa, an active volcano, and Mauna Kea, a dormant volcano and the site of some of the world's most important ground-based astronomical observatories. Much of the city is at some risk from lava flows from Mauna Loa. The majority of human settlement in Hilo stretches from Hilo Bay to WaiÄkea-Uka, on the flanks of Mauna Loa.
Hilo is home to the University of Hawaiʻi at Hilo, ʻImiloa Astronomy Center of Hawaiʻi, as well as the Merrie Monarch Festival, a week-long celebration of ancient and modern hula which takes place annually after Easter. Hilo is also home to the Mauna Loa Macadamia Nut Corporation, one of the world's leading producers of macadamia nuts. The town is served by Hilo International Airport.
History
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Around 1100 AD, the first Hilo inhabitants arrived, bringing with them Polynesian knowledge and traditions. Although archaeological evidence is scant, oral history has many references to people living in Hilo, along the Wailuku and Wailoa rivers during the time of ancient Hawaii. Oral history also gives the meaning of Hilo as "to twist".
Originally, the name "Hilo" applied to a district encompassing much of the east coast of the island of HawaiÊ»i, now divided into the District of South Hilo and the District of North Hilo. When William Ellis visited in 1823, the main settlement in the Hilo district was WaiÄkea on the south shore of Hilo Bay. Missionaries came to the district in the early-to-middle 19th century, founding Haili Church, in the area of modern Hilo.
Hilo expanded as sugar plantations in the surrounding area created new jobs and drew in many workers from Asia, making the town a trading center.
A breakwater across Hilo Bay was begun in the first decade of the 20th century and completed in 1929. On April 1, 1946, a 7.8-magnitude earthquake near the Aleutian Islands created a 46-foot-high (14Â m) tsunami that hit Hilo 4.9 hours later, killing 160 people. In response, an early warning system, the Pacific Tsunami Warning Center, was established in 1949 to track these killer waves and provide warning. This tsunami also caused the end of the Hawaii Consolidated Railway, and instead the Hawaii Belt Road was built north of Hilo using some of the old railbed.
On May 23, 1960, another tsunami, caused by a 9.5-magnitude earthquake off the coast of Chile the previous day, claimed 61 lives, allegedly due to the failure of people to heed warning sirens. Low-lying bayfront areas of the city on WaiÄkea peninsula and along Hilo Bay, previously populated, were rededicated as parks and memorials.
Hilo expanded inland beginning in the 1960s. The downtown found a new role in the 1980s as the city's cultural center with several galleries and museums being opened; the Palace Theater was reopened in 1998 as an arthouse cinema.
Closure of the sugar plantations (including those in HÄmÄkua) during the 1990s led to a downturn in the local economy, coinciding with a general statewide slump. Hilo in recent years has seen commercial and population growth, as the neighboring District of Puna became the fastest-growing region in the state.
Geography and climate
Hilo is located on the eastern side of the island of Hawaii at 19°42′20″N 155°5′9″W (19.705520, âˆ'155.085918). It is classified by the U.S. Census Bureau as a census-designated place (CDP), and has a total area of 58.3 square miles (151.0 km2), 53.4 square miles (138.3 km2) of which is land and 4.9 square miles (12.7 km2) of which (8.4%) is water.
Hilo features a tropical rainforest climate (Köppen Af), with substantial rainfall throughout the course of the year. Hilo's location on the eastern side of the island of Hawaiʻi, (windward relative to the trade winds), makes it the fourth wettest designated city in the United States behind the southeast Alaskan cities of Whittier, Ketchikan and Yakutat and one of the wettest in the world. An average of around 126.72 inches (3,220 mm) of rain fell at Hilo International Airport annually between 1981 and 2010, with 272 days of the year receiving some rain. Rainfall in Hilo varies with altitude, with more rain at higher elevation. At some other weather stations in upper Hilo the annual rainfall is above 200 inches (5,100 mm).
Monthly mean temperatures range from 71.2 °F (21.8 °C) in February to 76.4 °F (24.7 °C) in August. The highest recorded temperature was 94 °F (34 °C) on May 20, 1996, and the lowest 53 °F (12 °C) on February 21, 1962. The wettest year was 1994 with 182.81 inches (4,643.4 mm) and the driest year was 1983 with 68.09 inches (1,729.5 mm). The most rainfall in one month was 50.82 inches (1,290.8 mm) in December 1954. The most rainfall in 24 hours was 27.24 inches (691.9 mm) on November 2, 2000.
Hilo's location on the shore of the funnel-shaped Hilo Bay also makes it vulnerable to tsunamis.
Demographics
As of the census of 2010, there were 43,263 people in 15,483 households residing in the census-designated place. The population density was 796.7 people per square mile (307.7/km²). There were 16,905 housing units at an average density of 311.3 per square mile (120.2/km²). The racial makeup of the CDP was 17.61% White, 0.52% African American, 0.31% American Indian & Alaska Native, 34.29% Asian, 14.17% Native Hawaiian & Pacific Islander, 0.60% from other races, and 32.51% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 10.40% of the population.
There were 15,483 households out of which 24.3% had children under the age of 18 living with them. The average household size was 2.79.
In the Hilo CDP the population was spread out with 21.3% under the age of 18, 11.3% from 18 to 24, 11.5% from 25 to 34, 16.9% from 35 to 49, 20.9% from 50 to 64, and 18.0% who were 65 years of age or older. For every 100 females, there were 95.5 males. For every 100 males there were 104.7 females.
The median income for a household in the CDP at the 2000 census was $39,139, and the median income in 2000 for a family was $48,150. Males had a median income in 2000 of $36,049 and the median was $27,626 for females in 2000. The per capita income for the CDP in 2000 was $18,220. About 11.1% of families and 17.1% of the population were below the poverty line in 2000, including 23.5% of those under age 18 and 6.7% of those age 65 or over.
Transportation
Air
Hilo is served by Hilo International Airport, which has Hawaiian Airlines and United Airlines operating there.
Bus
Hilo is served by the Hele-On Bus.
Education
Hilo is home to a number of educational institutions, including two post-secondary institutions, the University of Hawaiʻi at Hilo and Hawaiʻi Community College, and the Hilo and Waiakea primary and secondary school districts. There are also various charter schools in the area serving primary and secondary students.
Government
Although sometimes called a city, Hilo is not an incorporated city, and does not have a municipal government. The entire island, which is slightly smaller than the state of Connecticut but larger than Rhode Island and Delaware, is under the jurisdiction of the County of Hawaiʻi, of which Hilo is the county seat.
Hilo is home to county, state, and federal offices.
Economy
Being the oldest city in the Hawaiian archipelago, Hilo has a significant tourism sector. Hilo is home to Hawaii's only tsunami museum, mostly dedicated to the understanding of the 1946 Pacific tsunami, and is notable for the banyan trees planted by Babe Ruth and Amelia Earhart and many other famous celebrities. It is also home to the Pana'ewa Rainforest Zoo, several shopping centers, cafes and other eateries, movie theaters, hotels, restaurants, and a developed downtown area also with the Hilo Farmers Market. The Mauna Loa Macadamia Nut Corporation makes their home here as well, south of the main town off Hawaii Route 11, north of KeaÊ»au. Hilo is also known for the MokupÄpapa Discovery Center, located in the historic Koehnen Building in downtown Hilo. The museum features interactive and educational exhibits and is dedicated to creating public awareness of the PapahÄnaumokuÄkea Marine National Monument and ocean conservation issues.
Hilo is home to a number of astronomical observatories located on Maunakea as well as the Imiloa Planetarium and Museum. Astronomy has an economic impact of $100 million annually on the Big Island of Hawaii. Astronomy on Maunakea was developed at the invitation of the Hawaii Chamber of Commerce following the collapse of the sugar cane industry.
Culture
- East Hawaiʻi Cultural Center
- Lyman House Memorial Museum
- Merrie Monarch Festival
- Pacific Tsunami Museum
- Hawaii Plantation Museum
Notable people
Points of interest
Media
Hilo is served by KWXX (94.7FM Hilo/101.5FM Kona) Hawaii's "Feel Good Island Music Station" KWXX, B93/B97 (93.1FM Kona/97.1FM Hilo) Hawaii's Classic Hits B93/B97, and KPUA (970AM Hilo) Hilo's Sports Talk Radio KPUA 670AM radio stations. The Hawaii Tribune-Herald, of Oahu Publications Inc. a subsidiary of Black Press, is the primary newspaper distribution company in Hilo along with other newspapers like the Honolulu Star-Advertiser.
Sister cities
- La Serena, Chile
- Nago, Okinawa, Japan
Trivia
Asteroid (342431) Hilo is named after Hilo.
Hilo District
Hilo also referred to the District of Hilo when the Big Island was divided into six districts by the traditional land division of moku. Hilo is now divided into two: North and South Hilo Districts.
North Hilo District
In the District of North Hilo, there are, along Hawaii State Highway 19 from north to south, the following unincorporated towns and localities:
- ʻŌʻÅkala
- LaupÄhoehoe and the Train Museum
- Ninole
and others. Inland, along State Highway 200, are:
- Mauna Kea mountain road and Puu Huluhulu
and others.
South Hilo District
In the District of South Hilo, there are, along State Highway 19, the following unincorporated towns and localities:
- Honalo and the Akaka Falls
- Pepeekeo
- Wainaku
- Hilo Bay, the Wailuku River and the Rainbow Falls
- Hilo downtown: Pacific Tsunami Museum, etc.
Along State Highway 11, are:
- Hilo International Airport
- King Kuhio Shopping Center
- Pana'ewa Rainforest Zoo
and others. Along State Highway 200 and its extension, are:
- Kaumana
- University of Hawaii at Hilo
- Puainako Shopping Center
and others.